The Fruits That Inhibit Onset of Prostate Cancer, Scientists Show

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now has become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency toaffect even younger age population.

Evidences emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time in the history accompanied with unhealthy life style may be the possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 3 decades.

Prostate cancer is a medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the prostate tissue. At the later state, the cancerous cells may travel a distance away from the original site to infect other healthy tissue or organ.

Most prostate cancers are slow growing. Enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.

The Fruits for reducing risk of Prostate cancer
1. Mangosteen fruit
Mangosteen fruit, a tropical fruit growth in South East Asia is an evergreen tree originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas of Indonesia.

In 22Rv1, LNCaP, and prostate epithelial cells (PrECs), standardized mangosteen fruit extract (MFE), suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft tumor model without causing damage to non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell through induction of toxicity(46).

Polyphenols, the main chemical constituent of the fruit extract also targeted multiple signaling pathways involved cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer(47).
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α-Mangostin, a xanthone derived from Polyphenols of mangosteen fruit, demonstrated a significant effect in exhibited cell cycle-related proteins involved in prostate carcinogenesis(48).

2. Long Pepper or Indian long pepper
Used as a spice and seasoning, Long Pepper or Indian long pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae.

Piperlongumine (PL), a natural alkaloid presented in the fruit inhibited prostate cancer through downregulation of Akt downstream signaling of cell proliferation, resulting in decrease mTORC1 (nutrient/energy)activity and autophagy (cell degradation)stimulation(49).

Application of PL also induced rapid depletion of the Androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer (PC) cells which is an early indication of prostate cancer(50).

In human prostate cancer DU145, PC-3 and LNCaP cells, piperine, another an alkaloid from black and longpeppers, also exhibited anti-proliferative effect in human prostate cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and autophagy(51).

3. Pomegranate
Pomegranates is a fruit-bearing small tree, genus Punica, belongings to family Lythraceae, native to Iran, cultivated in Asian since ancient time.

POMx, a omegranate (PE) formula currently approved for clinical trials, effectively inhibited survivin (baculoviral inhibitor), induced apoptosis, retarded the rate of tumor growth in skeleton(52).

Polyphenols, main chemical compounds from pomegranate fruit extracts (PFEs), slightly decreased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 but not MMP-9 (expression usually seen in invasive and highly tumorigenic cancers) from prostate cancer cell lines(53).

Other polyphenol derivative, ellagic acid (EA) converted from Ellagitannins (ETs) from pomegranate juice (PJ), significantly decreased cell proliferation by exhibiting synergism in PC-3 cells(54).

4. Strawberry
Strawberries is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongings to the family Roseaceae, grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.

Application of berry juice study, including strawberry, inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation, not involve caspase-dependent apoptosis, but in cell-cycle arrest, by down-regulation of the expression of cdk4, cdk6, cyclin D1 and cyclin D3(Decrease the proliferative activity (55).

In fact, major classes of berry phenolics, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, ellagitannins, gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids are found to be effective in attenuated growth of many human cancer cell lines, including prostate (LNCaP) tumor cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 micro g/mL.(56).

Crude extracts (250 microg/mL) from strawberry and its pure compounds (100 microg/mL) also induced apoptosis of prostate (LNCaP, DU145) cancer cells(57).

5. Grapes
Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belongings to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.

Fisetin, a chemical compound found in grape inhibited prostate cancer cell lines through downregulation of the PI3K/Akt (anti-apoptosis and increased cell proliferation)and the mTOR(energy sources) pathways(58).

Another chemical constituent pterostilbene, in dose-dependent ameliorated cellular proliferation, through activation of expression of AMPK(cellular energy homeostasis) and the p53(antigens).

But in p53 positive LNCaP cells, pterostilbene blocked the progression of cell cycle at G1 phase by inducing p53 expression and further up-regulating p21 expression and in p53 negative, induced apoptosis in PC3 cells(59).

Piceatannol found in grape, exhibited potential anticancer properties by suppressing proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, through cell-cycle arrest, upregulation of antibody antigens and apoptotic activity and down-regulation of cancer cell proliferation(60).

6. Apple
Apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae, cultivated tree fruits. The tree is originated in Central Asia.

Apple peel extract (APE), exerted its anti cancer effects by significant decrease growth and enhanced clonogenic survival of human prostate carcinoma CWR22Rnu1 and DU145 cells, through a G0-G1(Cell cycle) phase arrest(61).

In the study of Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? showed an inverse association of apple intake and incidence of cancer(62).

7. Papaya
Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongings to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas, first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries.

Benzylisothiocyanate (BITC), a solvent of papaya fruit inhibited cancer cell line through induced apoptosis by converging two major pathways: the death receptor mediated extrinsic and the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway(63).

In the role of diet, papaya is effectively (more than 22.7 g/d (50th percentile) reduced prostate cancer risk by 7.4 (Adjusted OR 7.4 (95% CI 1.17-46.8)(64).

Lycopene, a major chemical constituent in tomato, also in papaya, in prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk in vitro and in vivo(65).

8. Apricot
Apricot tree is about 8–12 m tall and a trunk up to 40 cm diameter belongings to the family Rosaceae.

Ethanolic extracts (30%) of apricot inhibited the growth of PC-3 and LNCaP (Prostate cancer cell lines) cells through induction of apoptosis via down regulating ERalpha (estrogen receptor α), ) and PKC-alpha(interaction with the cell membrane) protein, and binding of both mouse uterine estrogen receptors and LNCaP human androgen receptors(66).

9. Avocado
Avocado, a commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America.

Whole-blood fatty acids testing indicated that higher intakes of dietary MUFA(monounsaturated fatty) with principal source of dietary avocadointake was inversely related to prostate cancer(67).

Acetone extract of avocado, containing carotenoids and tocopherols decreased growth of both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines in vitro.

Incubation of PC-3 cells with the avocado extract led to G(2)/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by an increase in p27(cell cycle inhibitor) protein expression(68).

10. Citrus fruits
The fruit is the genus Citrus, native to southern and southeast Asia, include grapefruit, lemon, orange, etc.

Study of incidence of prostate caner in North India compared to South India, showed a positive decreased risk of prostate cancer in increasing dietary consumption of tea, citrus fruits and melon(69).

Citrus consumption is associated with reduced all-cancer incidences, according to the study of cancer incidence among 42,470 Japanese adults in the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort(70).

Oral administration of Gold Lotion (GL), an extract of multiple varieties of citrus peels containing abundant flavonoid, showed the deduction of both the weights (57%-100% inhibition) and volumes (78%-94% inhibition) of the tumors without inducing any adverse toxicity, accompanied by mechanistic down-regulation of the protein levels of inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), metastasis (matrix metallopeptidase-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), and proliferative molecules, as well as inducing apoptosis in prostate tumors(71).

Unfortunately, some studies did not show an association between intake of citrus fruits and risk of prostate cancer(72).

11. Bitter melon
Bitter melon, a extremely bitter fruit, is a tropical and subtropical vine belongings to the family Cucurbitaceae, native in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Treatment of bitter melon extract (BME) in prostate cancer, enhanced Bax expression(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis) and induced PARP(a nuclear protein implicated in DNA repair) cleavage(during apoptosis), delayed the progression to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (precede the development of prostate adenocarcinoma) and displayed approximately 51% reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in mice(73).

MCP30, from bitter melon seeds induced apoptosis in PIN and PCa cell lines in vitro and suppressed PC-3 growth in vivo with no effect on normal prostate cells(74).

Bitter melon leaf extract (BMLE) inhibited the secretion of MMP-2, MMP-9(metastasis) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)(invasion and metastasis) from rat prostate cancer cell line (PLS10)(75).

Taken together, the information findings suggested that certain fruits and theirs bioactive compound may have a strong impact in reduced risk, progression and treatment. however, due to limitation of the sample, a large cohost study with larger sample size are necessary to reconfirm their viability.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
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