Socrates Said," Let foods be your medicine and let medicine be your foods". Let us all practice the values of the past wisdom to build a letter living and living health while we enjoy the delicious drinks

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Sunday, May 29, 2022

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Process Anti Non Melanoma Cancer Activity in Vitro

Skin, a large organ that forms the out layers of our body has serval layers of ectodermal tissue that protect the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs against foreign pathogenic invasion.
Skin cancer is a medical condition characterized by disordered and irregular cell growth in the skin.

Most cases of primary skin cancer start in the cell on the surface of the inner ling of the skin. At the advanced stage, the cancerous cells can travel a distance away from the skin to infect other healthy tissue and organ through blood and fluid circulation.



Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer but less common than other skin cancer as a result of the malignancy of melanocytes, which is the cell-produced dark pigment for your skin.


Approximately 120,000 new cases of melanoma in the US are diagnosed in a year. melanoma tends to spread along the skin in most cases, but also can grow down to the deeper layers of the skin. At the later stage, it can spread to distant parts of the body, including organs.


Most cases of melanoma start in the melanocytes or pigment-producing cells in the outer layer of the skin. However, at the later stage, the cancer cells can travel through the circulation of blood and fluids to infect other healthy cells and tissue, leading to secondary metastasis.

The liver, lungs, bones, and brain are most often affected by melanoma metastases.

According to statistics, the risk of melanoma is largely dependent on the race. The lifetime risk of getting melanoma is about 2.5% (1 in 40) for whites, 0.1% (1 in 1,000) for blacks, and 0.5% (1 in 200) for Hispanics.

The 5 years survival rate of melanoma is closed to 100% if the disease is diagnosed in the localized stages.

In the US, every year, approximately 96,480 new melanomas are diagnosed, leading to the death of 7,000 people.

In North America, most cases of melanoma are associated with UVB exposure, causing the alteration of the cell DNA.


Nonmelanoma skin cancer is a type of skin cancer involved in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.



Omega-3 fatty acids are phytochemicals in the class of lipids, found abundantly in deepsea fisk, dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, etc.


The three main components of Omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of cancer, researchers examined the role of omega-3 FA in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC).


According to the results of the analysis* Dietary omega-3 FA dramatically reduces the plasma and cutaneous pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive PGE(2) levels in vivo, compared to dietary omega-6 FA in the increase of prostaglandin E synthase type 2 (PGE(2)) level.

* Dietary omega-3 FA significantly reduces the inflammatory response and sustains, or enhances, the delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response in mice when compared to an equivalent dietary level of omega-6 FA.


* Supplementary omega-3 FA significantly increases the UVR-mediated erythema threshold in humans.


Furthermore, supplementary omega-3 FA significantly reduces the level of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive PGE(2) levels in Ultraviolet B-irradiated human skin.


In other words, omega-3 FA showed a strong implication on the immune response in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC).



Taken altogether, Omega-3 fatty acids found abundantly in fish oil and plant oil may be considered a functional food for the prevention of skin cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of Omega-3 fatty acids in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose and acute liver toxicity.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals' Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You. How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca



Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) The potential of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by Black HS1, Rhodes LE. (PubMed)
(2) Potential Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer by Black HS1, Rhodes LE. (PubMed)

Monday, May 23, 2022

Lycopene Inhibits the Parameters Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a condition that affects the organelles in the generated energy for the cell.

More precisely, mitochondria perform cellular respiration, by taking nutrients from the cell, breaking it down, and turning it into energy.

Mitochondria are the cells that convert food molecules into energy in the body. Mitochondria produce 90 percent of the energy for the body's function.

Furthermore, mitochondrial also play a critical role to induce the older or damaged cells to release cytochrome C, which activates enzymes involved in cell apoptosis.

Moreover, mitochondria also play an essential role in calcium absorption and calcium release that regulates cellular metabolism, steroid synthesis, and hormone signalings.

The genetic proposition that causes mitochondrial dysfunction has been found to alter the process of mitochondria in converting oxygen and food to energy in some people.


Acquired mitochondrial dysfunction has been found in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, muscular dystrophy, Lou Gehrig’s disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Most common symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction include poor growth, muscle weakness, muscle pain, low muscle tone, exercise intolerance, vision and/or hearing problems
learning disabilities, delays in development, and mental retardation depending on the location of the infected cells.


Lycopene is a phytochemical in the class of carotenoids, a natural pigment with no vitamin A activity found abundantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, and papayas,

Tomatoes provide about 80% of the lycopene in the world's diet. In plants, lycopene protects the host against excessive photodamage and performs various functions in photosynthesis.

With an aim to find a natural compound for the protection of mitochondrial function, researchers examined the effect of lycopene on preventing mitochondrial dysfunction during the d Galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-GalN/LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).

Based on the tested analysis, administration of d-GalN/LPS (300 mg and 30 μg/kg body weight, respectively) to the experimental rats showed a significant effect on several disturbances in mitochondrial function.

In other words, d-GalN/LPS administration not only increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxidation but also decreased the levels of mitochondrial antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that release stored energy through the oxidation, and electron transport chain enzymes associated with cellular detoxification and the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells,.

However, lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight for 6 days) pretreatment showed strong activity in attenuating the lipid peroxidation and prohibiting the excessive synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.

Furthermore, lycopene also inhibited the GalN/LPS-induced impairment in ATP production. Parameters associated with reduced mitochondrial function were effectively prevented by the lycopene administration.

More precisely, the mitochondrial protection of lycopene was mainly attributed to the strong antioxidant potential of its phytonutrient by preventing lipid peroxidation in the mitochondrial membrane.

Based on the results researchers said, "The carotenoid lycopene combatted oxidative stress, scavenged free radicals, prevented ROS generation, and inhibited the toxic effects of d-GalN/LPS during FHF".


Taken altogether, lycopene found in tomatoes may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


Intake of lycopene in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose and acute liver toxicity.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professional's Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca



Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Lycopene Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction during d-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Albino Rats by Sheriff SA1, Shaik Ibrahim S2, Devaki T1, Chakraborty S3, Agarwal S4, Pérez-Sánchez H. (PubMed)
(2) Lycopene induces apoptosis in Candida albicans through reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction by Choi H1, Lee DG. (PubMed)

Friday, May 13, 2022

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve the Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disorder as a result of inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body.

The disease affects more women than men and generally occurs after the age of 40, causing the diminished quality of life of many elders.

Rheumatoid Arthritis can induce bone loss through elevating bone resorption without increasing bone formation.

A cross-sectional population-based study of 1042 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that RA patients had an increased risk of death from various causes.


There is no single cause of RA. Changes in the female hormonal environment such as in pregnancy, breastfeeding and the use of the oral contraceptive (OC) pill appear to have a role. Cigarette smoking has been associated with a consistently increased risk that might also apply to the passive inhalation of smoke. Occupation probably has a minor influence, although exposure to silica dust is of aetiological importance. Recent studies have highlighted the role of diet, with suggestions that diets high in caffeine, low in antioxidants, and high in red meat may contribute to an increased risk.

The most plausible environmental exposure is an infection and although several decades of study have produced few definitive candidate organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains an interesting target(22).

According to the CDC, Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affect over 52 million adults in the US alone, including 294,000 children under age 18 with some form of arthritis or rheumatic conditions.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often associate with valgus deformities of the feet and deformities of gait due to body function due to an effort to support the collapsing longitudinal arch of the foot.

The kinematic and kinetic gait changes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the result of a significant reduction in joint motions, and joint moments, such as decreased hip flexion-extension range, hip abduction, knee flexion-extension range,...

Long-term bone damage and the prolonged onset of the disease can induce deformities of the hand and wrist and small peripheral joints (such as fingers and wrist) due to chronic inflammation.

The effects of muscle strength in patients with RA may contribute to the prevalence of functional limitations physically that can affect daily living and quality of life.

Furthermore, rheumatoid nodules, lumps on the skin, and close to the joint have been found to affect the joints of patients with RA.

Moreover, morning stiffness, a marker of inflammatory activity that reflects functional disability and pain is a very common symptom of patients in the early stage of rheumatoid arthritis.

Omega-3 fatty acids are phytochemicals in the class of lipids, found abundantly in deepsea fisk, dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, etc.


The three main components of Omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers evaluated the effects of omega -3 fatty acids on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

The meta-analysis includes reviewing the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) associated with potential changes in RA disease activity, inflammation, and CVD risk.

According to the results of 20 RCTs, involving 717 patients with RA in the intervention group and 535 RA patients in the control group,* Consumption of ω-3 fatty acids was found to significantly improve eight disease-activity-related markers.

* Regarding inflammation, only leukotriene B4 was reduced compared to other pro-inflammatory markers.

* Omega 3 fatty acids were found to reduce blood triacylglycerol levels.

Collectively, researchers said, "The beneficial properties of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on RA disease activity confirm the results of previous meta-analyses. Among the five proinflammatory markers evaluated, only leukotriene B4 was found to be reduced. However, a positive effect on the blood lipid profile of patients with RA was evident".


Taken altogether, Omega-3 fatty acids found abundantly in fish oil and plant oil may be considered a functional food for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of Omega-3 fatty acids in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose and acute liver toxicity.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals' Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You. How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca



Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Gioxari A1, Kaliora AC2, Marantidou F1, Panagiotakos DP. (PubMed)
(2) The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving DMARDs Therapy: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial by Rajaei E1, Mowla K, Ghorbani A, Bahadoram S, Bahadoram M, Dargahi-Malamir M. (PubMed)
(3) Risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis by Oliver JE1, Silman AJ. (PubMed)

Thursday, May 5, 2022

Beta-Sitosterol Protects the Kidney Against Acute Nephrotoxicity

Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine with a function to filter out blood and remove waste through urinary secretion.

The kidney also plays a critical in maintaining the levels of fluids in the body, by removing extra fluids to make urine.

Furthermore, the kidney also regulates electrolytes, blood pressure, maintains acid-base balance, produces hormone calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.

Kidney diseases are a class of medical conditions associated with reduced function of the kidney, in cases, complete loss of kidney function such as kidney failure.

Believe it or not, in the US, the leading causes of kidney failure and the end stage of chronic kidney diseases are diabetes and high blood pressure.

Nephrotoxicity or acute kidney failure is a condition of toxicity in the kidneys.

The disease is caused by a poisonous effect of prolonged use of certain medications and the accumulation of harmful chemicals.

According to the American physician association, long term use of penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, NSAIDs and rifampicin are associated to increase damage to the kidney.

And people with age over 60 are at increased risk of nephrotoxicity if the above medicines are prescribed for prolonged periods.

According to the information provided by the WHO, each year, around 1.7 million people are thought to die from acute kidney injury. Overall, therefore, an estimated 5–10 million people die annually from kidney disease.

Furthermore, in 2010, an estimated 2.3–7.1 million people with end-stage kidney disease died without access to chronic dialysis.

Beta-Sitosterol is a phytochemical in the class of Phytosterols, belongings to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in avocados, rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils, fennel, peanuts, soybeans, hawthorn, basil, buckwheat. etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases, researchers elucidated the effects of plant sterol β-sitosterol on acute nephrotoxicity.

In vivo, the male albino Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four:
* Group 1 was vehicle control rats (0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]);

* Group 2 was rats treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg body weight [bw] i.p. on the 15th day) and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (9 mg/kg BW i.p. on 30th and 32nd days);

* Group 3 was rats that received β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg BW in 0.1% CMC, p.o. for 32 days) 2 weeks prior to the exposure to the nephrotoxins; and

* Group 4 was rats that received β-sitosterol alone.

According to the experimental results that were terminated after the 24 h of the last dosage of Fe-NTA, and all the animals were sacrificed,
* DEN and Fe-NTA treated animals induced the elevated parameters of stress markers, reduced antioxidant and increased lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers in the kidney.

* However, the β-sitosterol pretreated group restored all altered biochemical parameters back to near normal by upregulating the function of antioxidant enzyme protein Nrf2 expression.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "Administration of β-sitosterol to nephrotoxicity induced rats showed significant positive changes in biochemical parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical observations, and up-regulation of Nrf2 gene expression".


Taken altogether, beta-Sitosterol may be considered a supplement for the prevention of acute nephrotoxicity, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of beta-Sitosterol in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You. How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Nephroprotective effect of β-sitosterol on N-diethylnitrosamine initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate promoted acute nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats by Sharmila R, Sindhu G, Arockianathan PM. (PubMed)

Sunday, May 1, 2022

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Induce Apoptosis in Mammary Cancer Cells in Vitro

Cancer is a class of chronic diseases associated with irregular cell growth in the tissues of the affected organ.
The mammary gland located in the breasts of females is responsible for lactation.

Both males and females have glandular tissue within the breasts; however, in females, the glandular tissue begins to develop after puberty in response to estrogen release.

A mammary tumor is a medical and chronic condition that originated from the milk-producing gland.

The mammary gland located in the breasts of females is responsible for lactation.

Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.


There are also rare cases that which breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.


In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during the lifetime of a woman is 1/8.



Most cases of mammary cancer are first found in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the milk-producing gland, before penetrating deeper into the layers.

At the advanced stage, the malignant cancer cells can also travel a distance away from the original site to infect other healthy tissues and organs, leading to secondary metastasis.

Epidemiologically, mammary cancer has been found to spread to the colon and the liver.

Most common risk factors of mammary cancer are similar to those of breast cancer, including, aging, physical inactivity, being obese or overweight, family and personal history, having a dense breast, radiation therapy, pregnancy history, genetic proposition, particularly in women who had used drug diethylstilbestrol (DES).
Conventionally, treatment of mammary gland cancer is totally dependent on the stage and grade of cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination.

Omega-3 fatty acids are phytochemicals in the class of lipids, found abundantly in deepsea fisk, dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, etc.


The three main components of Omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of breast cancer, researchers examined the effects of omega 3 on the signaling pathway impacted by syndecan-1 (SDC-1) induced apoptosis in vitro and Vivo.


According to the tested analysis,* In MCF-7 cells and SK-BR-3 cells, DHA and an SDC-1 ectodomain impaired signaling of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway associated with mitogens, and growth factors and pro-apoptotic protein to induce apoptosis.


* In Fat-1 mice that is a genetic model able to convert n-6 to n-3 PUFA to result in higher SDC-1 levels in Fat-1 mammary tissue compared with that of wild-type (wt) mice, which showed a lower level of apoptosis compared to elevated signaling of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in MCF-7 cells and SK-BR-3 cells.


* Moreover, SDC-1(-/-) mice demonstrated markedly higher levels of mitogens, growth factors, and pro-apoptotic protein in mammary gland tissue compared with those of SDC(+/+) mice.

Taken altogether, Omega-3 fatty acids found abundantly in fish oil and plant oil may be considered a functional food for the prevention of breast cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of Omega-3 fatty acids in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals' Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You. How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Omega-3 fatty acids induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and mouse mammary tissue through syndecan-1 inhibition of the MEK-Erk pathway by Sun H1, Hu Y, Gu Z, Owens RT, Chen YQ, Edwards IJ. (PubMed)