Betacyanins Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells Initiation and Progression

The breasts of women are made of specialized tissue that produces milk (glandular tissue) and fatty tissue. The size of a woman's breast is totally depending on the amount of fat in the breast.
Breast cancer is a medical condition caused by cell growth irregularly due to the alternation of cell DNA.

Most cases of breast cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk, before colonizing the deeper layer tissues to form a tumor through proliferation.

According to the statistics, in the US, the lifetime risk of getting invasive breast cancer of a woman is 1/8. In 2019, approximately 268,600 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed, along with 62,930 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.

The 5 years survival rate of breast cancer diagnosed in the localized stage is 100%.

The exact causes of breast cancer are not identified.

The stages of breast cancer can be classified depending on
* The size of the cancer
* Invasive or not
* Whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes
* Whether cancer has spread to the distant parts or organs of the body.

There are 4 stages of breast cancer in TNM rating (where T is referred for tumor size, N is referred for Lymph Node status, M is referred for invasive or not)
# T: Tumor Size is divided into four classes: T-1 is between 0 - 2 cms, T-2 is between 2 - 5 cms, T-3 is > 5cms, and T-4 is a tumor of any size growing into the chest wall or skin, including inflammatory breast cancer.
#N: No swollen nodes: N-0, some swelling but negative node (not cancerous): N-1a, swelling nodes and positive node (cancerous): N-1b, quite swollen and bunched together: N-2, quite swollen and near the collarbone: N-3.
# M: if no cancer cell is found: M-0, cancer cells found: M-1.

Betacyanins are phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belongings to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of breast cancer, researchers examined the effect of extract of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), the FDA approved red food color E162 on estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7).

According to the tested differentiation, both doxorubicin and the beetroot extract exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in MCF-7.

Compared to doxorubicin, the cytotoxicity of beetroot extract was significantly lower.

In other words, at the same doses, doxorubicin is more effective to induce the death of breast cancer cell compared to the beetroot extract.

Due to the limitation of the experimental selection, side effects induced by both treatment cannot be observed.

After taking other factors into account, researchers suggested, the major betacyanin constituent may play an important role in the cytotoxicity exhibited by the red beetroot extract.

Taken altogether, betacyanins may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of betacyanins in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancercell lines by Kapadia GJ1, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H. (PubMed)
(2) Breast #Cancer by Kyle J. Norton

Bioactive Compound Sinigrin, the Dietary Source of Antioxidants

Antioxidants are stable molecules that inhibit oxidation. Antioxidants are either produced by the host or from dietary sources.

Under normal conditions, antioxidants produced by the body are good enough to counter the presence of free radicals in the body of a healthy individual.

However, in people with a weakened immune system or medical condition, intake of dietary antioxidants may be necessary due to depletion of the antioxidant enzymes.

Free radicals are unstable molecules with a single electron in the outer ring. Therefore, in order for them to maintain stability, they must either donate or intercept an electron from other molecules, leading to a chain reaction that can not be stopped until they are either inhibited by antioxidants or electrons are paired.

Oxidative stress is an imbalance of the ratio of free radicals and antioxidants in the body caused by either overexpression of free radicals or depletion of antioxidant enzymes produced by the host.

Epidemiological studies suggested that oxidative stress has been found to cause lipid and protein and cellular damage, leading to the onset of chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetics, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic perfusion injury, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, and stroke.

Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of oxidative stress, widespread obesity may be one of the major factors that contribute to the severity of the disease due to oxidative stress.


Dr. Keaney JF Jr said, "Smoking, diabetes, and body mass index were highly associated with systemic oxidative stress as determined by creatinine-indexed urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha levels. The effect of body mass index was minimally affected by blood glucose, and diabetes and may suggest an important role of oxidative stress in the deleterious impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease".

Researchers on finding a natural ingredient that processes a strong antioxidant activity for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress investigated the antioxidant property of sinigrin.

Injection of sinigrin suppressed the nitric oxide (NO) production, a free radical although is found to process many health benefits such as increased blood flow and blood vessel relaxation, reduced risk of CVD, and side effects such as induced oxidative stress causing neuro, kidney and liver toxicity by reducing the levels of nitric oxide synthase.

In rat study. oral administration of the compound also showed reduced levels of urinary nitrate + nitrite and allyl isothiocyanate. In other words, sinigrin inhibited the production of free radicals expression through its antioxidant activity.

In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), sinigrin exerted antioxidative stress potency by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative balance impairment (oxidative stress) in facilitating the progression of hepatic steatosis.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is found to interfere with the function of cells in the production of energy for cell or organ needs.

Oxidative balance impairment is another term of oxidative stress.

More precisely, it is caused by either overexpression of reactive oxygen species and/or depletion of antioxidant enzymes produced by the host.


Taken altogether, sinigrin a bioactive ingredient in cruciferous vegetables may be considered a functional supplement for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress, pending the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.

However, intake of bioactive in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care, as liver toxicity may be induced if overdosed.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Antioxidant dietary approach in treatment of fatty liver: New insights and updates by Alessandra Ferramosca, Mariangela Di Giacomo, and Vincenzo Zara. (PMC)
(2) (1) Sinigrin and Its Therapeutic Benefits by Anisha Mazumder, Anupma Dwivedi and Jeanetta du Plessis. (PubMed)
(3) Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study by Keaney JF Jr1, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D, Massaro JM, Sutherland P, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ; Framingham Study. (PubMed)