Gamma-Linolenic Acid Inhibits of Colonic Inflammation in Vivo

Colonic inflammation is a condition associated with inflammation of the colon of the digestive system.

Inflammation is a natural immune response involving the stimulated production of pro-inflammatory activity with a target to protect our body against foreign invasions such as virus and bacteria after injury and damage.

In other words, pro-inflammatory cytokines are activated through systematic immune response to the damage cells which release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins to protect the injured area or location against infection, leading to blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling and other symptoms such as pain, swelling, and redness.

Inflammation can be classified into
* Acute inflammation occurs quickly or within the hours and lasts a few days or weeks and the damaged tissues are healed themselves after all pathogens are killed off.

However, if the immune system can not completely eradicate all invaders in the acute phase of infection, it will compromise, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and diabetes.

* Chronic inflammation is a low-grade inflammation caused by the inability of the immune system to eliminate the invasive pathogens that occurred in the acute phase of infection.

Any inflammation that lasts more than 8 weeks is considered chronic inflammation.

Believe it or not, worldwide, 3 of 5 death are results from chronic inflammatory diseases like stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, heart disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes.

In the US, chronic inflammatory diseases affect more than 50 million Americans each year.

Diseases associated with low-grade inflammation include diabetes and cardiovascular.

Gamma-linolenic acid is a phytochemical in the group of Omega-3, 6,9 fatty acids, belongings to the class of Lipids, found abundantly in evening primrose, borage, blackcurrant, etc.

On finding a potential plant that processes anti-colonic disease activity researchers examined the relationship between the high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHSD) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on mouse colitis induced by the administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).

The study included female BABL/c mice which were fed with HFHSD for the 9 weeks. At the same time, ALA treatment (150 or 300 mg/kg) was administered on a daily basis. At the end of the 9 weeks, experimental colitis was induced by the intra-colonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).

According to the results of the analysis,
* Before treatment, TNBS induced severe clinical manifestations of colitis and histological damage.
* Low-ALA (150 mg/kg) administration profoundly ameliorated TNBS-induced clinical manifestations, bodyweight loss, spleen weight loss, and histological damage.

* Interestingly, high-ALA (300 mg/kg) administration did not ameliorate colitis and even exacerbated the symptoms.

* HFHSD consumption assisted TNBS in changing IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A, the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver, and these changes were recovered through low-ALA.


* Moreover, HFHSD had a significant impact on the total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG), which related to the increased risk of hyperlipidemia

Collectively, researchers said, "HFHSD exacerbated the TNBS-induced colitis via the Th1/Th17 (inflammatory) pathway. The Low-ALA (150 mg/kg) exhibited protective effects against the TNBS-induced colitis via the Th1/Th2/Th17 (anti-inflammatory) pathway".

Taken altogether, gamma-linolenic acid may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of colonic inflammation, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Alpha-linolenic acid given as an anti-inflammatory agent in a mouse model of colonic inflammation by Wen J1,2,3, Khan I1,2,3, Li A1, Chen X4, Yang P1,5, Song P1,5, Jing Y1,2,3, Wei J1,2,3, Che T6, Zhang C. (PubMed)