Tocopherols, the Promising Anti Colon Cancer Phytochemicals

Cancer is the class of diseases associated with the growth of the cells disorderly and uncontrollably due to the alternation of DNA.

The colon also is known as the large bowel or large intestine, formed parts of the digestive system in our body.

The colon consists of four parts: descending colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon.

The main functions of the colon are to reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination.

Colon cancer is a chronic condition caused by cell growth irregularly and disorderly in the colon due to the alternation of DNA.

Most cases of colon cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the colon. At this stage, patients may not experience any symptoms.

After penetrating deeper into the colon layer, the cancer cells may travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissues and organs through the fluids and blood circulation.


According to the statistics provided by the Stat-Canada, 1 in 16 Canadian men and 1 in 18 women will develop colorectal cancer over their lifetime. Cancer is the third leading cause of death behind prostate and lung cancer.

Every year, approximately 26,,000 Canadians are diagnosed with colorectal cancer, represented 13% of all new cancer cases.

Colon cancer is a slow growth cancer, therefore, most colon cancer is detected in the later stage after experiencing symptoms of blood in your stool or an ongoing change in bowel habits. In other words, only 39% of colorectal cancer is detected in the early stage.

The 5-year survival rate of localized stage colorectal cancer is 90%.

Tocopherols are phytochemicals of which many have vitamin E activity, belonging to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in butter, egg yolk, milk fat, some vegetable, and seed or nut oils, etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of digestive diseases, researchers examined the growth inhibitory effects of different forms of tocopherols (T), tocopheryl phosphates (TP), and tocopherol quinones (TQ) on human colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells.

According to the analysis,
* δ-T was more active than γ-T in inhibiting colon cancer cell growth, decreasing cancer cell colony formation, and inducing apoptosis observed on the tested cancer cell lines compared to the ineffective α-T.
* Furthermore, the rate of cellular uptake also followed the ranking order δ-T > γ-T ≫ α-T. TP and TQ generally had higher inhibitory activities than their parent compounds.
* Moreover, the γ forms of TP and TQ were more active than the δ forms in inhibiting cancer cell growth, whereas the α forms were the least effective.

* More importantly, the potencies of γ-TQ and δ-TQ (showing IC50 values of ∼0.8 and ∼2 μM on HCT116 cells after a 72 h incubation, respectively) were greater than 100-fold and greater than 20-fold higher, respectively, than those of their parent tocopherols.

The efficacy of δ-T, γ-TP, and γ-TQ in the Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by was characterized by the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP1 and DNA fragmentation associated with cancer cell death.

After talking about other factors into account, researchers said, "These studies demonstrated the higher growth inhibitory activity of δ-T than γ-T, the even higher activities of the γ forms of TP and TQ, and the ineffectiveness of the α forms of tocopherol and their metabolites against colon cancer cells".


Taken altogether, tocopherols may be considered an adjunct therapy in the treatment of colon cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of tocopherols in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Inhibitory effects of different forms of tocopherols, tocopherol phosphates, and tocopherol quinones on growth of colon cancer cells by Dolfi SC1, Yang Z, Lee MJ, Guan F, Hong J, Yang CS. (PubMed)
(2) δ- and γ-tocopherols inhibit phIP/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis by protection against early cellular and DNA damages by Chen JX1, Liu A1, Lee MJ1, Wang H1, Yu S1, Chi E1, Reuhl K2, Suh N1,3, Yang CS. (PubMed)