Broccoli's Polysaccharides Exerts Anti-Metastatic Activities Via Innate Immune Cell Activation

Cancer is a class of diseases associated with irregular cell growth on the tissue of the specific organ.

Most cases of invasive cancer can spread to other organs in the body via lymph or blood.

According to the statistics provided by the Cancer Institue, between n 2011–2015, the number of new cases of cancer is 439.2 per 100,000 men and women per year (based on 2011–2015 cases).

The number of cancer deaths (cancer mortality) is 163.5 per 100,000 men and women per year.

In cancer cells, due to the alternation of DNA, can grow indefinitely.

Cancer cell metastasis is the process that cancer cells break away from the primary site and travel through the blood or fluid circulation and form new tumors (metastatic tumors) in other parts of the body, similar to those of primary cancer.


The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises the body's defense system against diseases.

Through the expression of the lines of defense, depending on the stage of pathogenic invasion, the innate immune response protects the body via a different set of interactions.

In the acute phase of infection, the macrophages in the immune system stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines to the site of the damage. The inflammatory cytokines not only play a critical role in stopping the stimuli from entering into the body but also speeds up the wound healing through growth factors.

The innate immune system also can destroy the damaged cells such as cancer cells through the T cell activation of B cells which in turn stimulates the production of a protein associated with the production of antibody p53.

Some researchers suggested immune system also can kill cancer cells by reacting to activating cytokines (IFN-α/β, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21) produced by tumor cells or by other immune cells stimulated by tumor cells.

Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belongings to the family Brassicaceae. The veggie has large flower heads, usually green in color with a mass of flower heads surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant from the continent of Europe.

On finding natural food for the prevention and treatment of cancer proliferation, researchers examined the anti-metastatic activities of polysaccharides in broccoli, including BCE-I mainly consisted of galactose and arabinose, whereas BCE-II mainly consisted of galacturonic acid and rhamnose, and BCE-III mainly consisted of rhamnose and galactose.
According to the results of the analysis,
* BCE-I showed the greatest enhancement the pro-inflammatory proteins such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-6 secretion by stimulating murine peritoneal macrophages in the immune response.

* Furthermore, intravenous (i.v.) administration of BCE-I enhanced the lethal activity on YAC-1 tumor cells significantly and dose-dependently in an ex vivo by exhibiting the natural killer (NK) cells.

* On lung metastasis of Colon26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic i.v. and oral administration of BCE-I significantly and dose-dependently inhibited lung metastatic activity.

In other words, the inhibitory activity of BCE-1 on lung metastasis are depending on the NK cell function in GM1 activity.

Based on the results, researchers wrote, " BCE-I has potent antitumor metastatic activity, and that its anti-metastatic activity has relevance to the stimulation of NK and other immune cells".

Taken altogether, broccoli sprouts processed abundantly SFN may be considered supplements for the inhibiting the cancer cell metastasis, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Rhamnogalacturonan-I-Type Polysaccharide Purified from Broccoli Exerts Anti-Metastatic Activities Via Innate Immune Cell Activation by Kwak BS1, Hwang D2,3, Lee SJ1, Choi HJ4, Park HY5, Shin KS. (PubMed)