Antioxidants Oleanolic Acid, A potential Anti-Inflammatory Antioxidant

Inflammation is a natural defense of the immune system that protects the body against the insult from the foreign invasion.

Macrophages, one the lymphocytes and the first-line defense of the immune system after sensing the damage of localized tissue, stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines to the site to protect the body against invasion of potential pathogens.

However, in some cases, overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines can cause the death of nearby healthy cells, leading to abnormal skin healing and the formation of irreversible scars.

Acute inflammation occurs quickly or within the hours and lasts a few days or weeks and the damaged tissues are healed themselves after all pathogens are killed off.

However, if the immune system can not completely eradicate all invaders in the acute phase of infection, it will compromise, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and diabetes.

Chronic inflammation is a low-grade inflammation caused by the inability of the immune system to eliminate the invasive pathogens that occurred in the acute phase of infection.

Any inflammation that lasts more than 8 weeks is considered chronic inflammation.

Chronic inflammation can also be caused by an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system continuously attacks normal and healthy tissue, by mistaking them for the causative pathogens.

Low-grade inflammation is a different type of chronic inflammation characterized by a production of the inflammatory cytokines in a low-grade state.

Epidemiological studies, linking chronic inflammation to certain diseases such as heart disease or stroke, has been under investigation in many scientistic communities. However, as of today, scientists still do not know why people with the same health conditions and family history, are susceptible to the onset of chronic inflammation while others do not.

Believe it or not, worldwide, 3 of 5 death are results from chronic inflammatory diseases like stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, heart disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes.

Oleanolic acid is a phytochemical in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found abundantly in honey mesquite, garlic, java apple, clove, etc.

On finding a potential plant for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, researchers examined the effect of Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), a major triterpenoid compound of Vigna angularis (azuki bean, V. angularis) on the inflammatory responses in macrophages.

According to the results of the analysis,
* OAA treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) associated with inflammation induced by polyinosinic acid (poly(I), TLR3 ligand) in a dose-dependent manner and without cytotoxicity in THP1-XBlue cells in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB.

* OAA downregulated the gene expression of poly(I) induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines genes such as MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-8, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1.

* Interestingly, the interaction of OAA with IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β) strongly attenuated the production of certain proteins and inflammatory cytokines in the TLR3 signaling pathway.

Collectively, researchers said, "These results reveal new insight into the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the downstream TLR3 signaling pathway and consequent inflammatory responses that are involved in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases".

Taken altogether, oleanolic acid may be considered an anti-inflammatory remedy, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Oleanolic Acid Acetate Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity via IKKα/β Suppression in TLR3-Mediated NF-κB Activation by Lim HJ1,2, Jang HJ3, Kim MH1, Lee S1, Lee SW1, Lee SJ1, Rho MC. (PubMed)