Phytochemical β-Carotene Reduces the Risk of ER Breast Cancer

The women's breasts are made up of specialized tissue that produces milk (glandular tissue) and fatty tissue. The size of a women's breast is totally determined by the amount of fat.

Cancer is a group of chronic and medical diseases associated with the growth of the irregular cells caused by DNA alternation.

Breast cancer is a medical condition characterized by cell growth irregularly and disorderly in the breast tissue.

Most cases of breast cancer start in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the breast tissue before spreading into deeper layers of the breast.

In the early stage, most patients with breast cancer may experience lumps on the breast or surrounding the breast.

However, breast skin irritation or dimpling, nipple pain, nipple retraction (turning inward), redness and scaliness that cannot be healed within 3 weeks are also the signs and symptoms of breast cancer.

At the later stage, after colonizing most parts of the breast, the breast cancer cells may travel a distance far the way to infect other healthy cells and tissue.

The causes of breast cancer are unknown, As of today, researchers cannot explain why people with the same health conditions in the same family, some are susceptible to the onset of breast cancer while others do not.

In Canada, according to the statistic, 11% of women will develop breast cancer by the time they reach 90 years of age.

Just about 20% of breast cancers in Canada are diagnosed in women under 50, while almost 30% are diagnosed in women over 70 years of age.

Believe it or not, In 2018, approximately 266,120 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in women in the U.S.

The 5 years survival rate of breast cancer diagnosis at the early stage is 100%. Therefore, women at a higher risk of breast cancer should examine their breasts at least once a month for preventive measures.


β-Carotene is a phytochemical in the class of Carotenes, belongings to the group of Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in dark, leafy greens and red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetable.
On finding a potential phytochemical for the prevention and treatment of cancer, researchers evaluated the associations of plasma carotenoid, retinol, tocopherol, and vitamin C concentrations and risk of breast cancer.


In a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 1502 female incident breast cancer cases were included, with an oversampling of premenopausal (n = 582) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (n = 462). Controls (n = 1502).

According to the tested analysis, α-carotene and β-carotene were inversely associated with risk of ER- breast cancer with the relative odds ration of 0.61 and 0.41 respectively, compared to no statistically in other analytes associated with ER- breast cancer.

Furthermore, β-carotene was a statistically significant difference between ER- and ER+ tumors.

In other words, α-carotene showed no statistical effects on ER+ breast cancer.

However, there was no statistically significant interaction between smoking, alcohol, or BMI and all investigated plasma analytes.

Based on the findings, researchers said, " higher concentrations of plasma β-carotene and α-carotene are associated with lower breast cancer risk of ER- tumors".

Taken altogether, β-Carotene may be considered a functional food for the prevention and treatment of ER breast cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of β-Carotene in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort by Bakker MF1, Peeters PH2, Klaasen VM3, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB4, Jansen EH5, Ros MM5, Travier N6, Olsen A7, Tjønneland A7, Overvad K8, Rinaldi S9, Romieu I9, Brennan P9, Boutron-Ruault MC10, Perquier F10, Cadeau C10, Boeing H11, Aleksandrova K11, Kaaks R12, Kühn T12, Trichopoulou A13, Lagiou P14, Trichopoulos D15, Vineis P16, Krogh V17, Panico S18, Masala G19, Tumino R20, Weiderpass E21, Skeie G22, Lund E22, Quirós JR23, Ardanaz E24, Navarro C25, Amiano P26, Sánchez MJ27, Buckland G6, Ericson U28, Sonestedt E28, Johansson M29, Sund M30, Travis RC31, Key TJ31, Khaw KT32, Wareham N33, Riboli E34, van Gils CH. (PubMed)