Antioxidants Carotenoids Protect the Colonic Cells Integrity Against Colon Cancer

The colon or large intestine formed part of the digestive system plays a critical role to remove waste products from your body.

In other words, the colon works alongside with other digestive organs to remove stool and maintain your fluid and electrolyte balance.

The colon begins at the end of the small intestine and ends at the rectum.

More precisely, the large intestine can be broken into six sections including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum.

Colon cancer is a medical condition caused by irregular cell growth in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the colon tissues. At the early stage, most patients are assymptomatic.


Colon cancer can be classified depending on the location and cells origination
* Adenocarcinomas
Most cases of colon cancer are adenocarcinomas, originated in epithelium tissues, including the surface layer of skin, glands and their tissues that line the cavities and organs of the body.

* Squamous cell cancers
Squamous cells are the skin-like cells that make up the colon lining together with the gland cells. Squamous cell cancers are rare with the risk of 25 per 100000.

Other colon tumors
* Carcinoid
Carcinoid is an unusual type of slow growth neuroendocrine tumor. It looks benign but might spread to other parts of the body as they grow in hormone-producing tissue in the digestive system.

* Leiomyosarcomas
Leiomyosarcomas are the rare and resistant types of colon cancer and generally not very responsive to chemotherapy or radiation. They are a malignant abnormal mass of tissue of smooth muscles of the colon, comprising between 5–10% of soft tissue sarcomas.

* Melanomas
Melanomas are a rare malignant tumor of cells that produce the dark pigment. This type of colon cancer usually originates from somewhere else before spreading to the colon.

According to the statistic provided by the American Cancer Society, in 2019, approximately, 101,420 new cases of colon cancer will be diagnosed in the US. The risk of colon cancer is slightly lower in women than in men.

Bowel cancer also known as colorectal cancer, is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix.

Carotenoids is a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including lycopene and carotene, found abundantly in ripe tomato, pumpkins, carrots, corn, and daffodils.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of colon cancer, researchers investigated the antiproliferative activity of carotenoids separated from marine Chlorella ellipsoidea and freshwater Chlorella vulgaris on colon cancer cell line.

Based on the chemical analysis, the carotenoid from C. vulgaris was almost completely composed of lutein compared to carotenoid from C. ellipsoidea that was composed of violaxanthin with two minor xanthophylls, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin.

According to the tested assays, both semipurified extracts of C. ellipsoidea and C. vulgaris inhibited HCT116 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with the effective IC(50) values of 40.73 +/- 3.71 and 40.31 +/- 4.43 microg/mL, respectively.

In other words, both carotenoids even with different major chemical compound exerted a similar inhibitory activity in the tested cancer cell line.

Furthermore, both extracts also demonstrated a significant effect on inducing cancer cell apoptosis. However, C. ellipsoidea extract produced an apoptosis-inducing effect almost 2.5 times stronger than that of the C. vulgaris extract.

The results strongly suggested that there must be other unknown compounds found in C. ellipsoidea extract but not in C. vulgaris that causes the additional death of the cancer cell population.

Dr. Cha KH, the lead scientist after taking other factors into account wrote, "These results indicate that bioactive xanthophylls of C. ellipsoidea might be useful functional ingredients in the prevention of human cancers".

Taken altogether, carotenoids may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of carotenoids in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Plasma and dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Leenders M1, Leufkens AM, Siersema PD, van Duijnhoven FJ, Vrieling A, Hulshof PJ, van Gils CH, Overvad K, Roswall N, Kyrø C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagerhazzi G, Cadeau C, Kühn T, Johnson T, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Trichopoulou A, Klinaki E, Androulidaki A, Palli D, Grioni S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Bakker MF, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Jakszyn P, Barricarte A, María Huerta J, Molina-Montes E, Argüelles M, Johansson I, Ljuslinder I, Key TJ, Bradbury KE, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Ferrari P, Duarte-Salles T, Jenab M, Gunter MJ, Vergnaud AC, Wark PA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. (PubMed)
(2) Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells by Cha KH1, Koo SY, Lee DU. (PubMed)
(2) Bowel (Colorectal ) Cancer by Kyle J. Norton