Antioxidant Indicaxanthin Inhibits Hypercholesterolemia and Hypercholesterolemic Complications

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.

In other words, the condition is caused by either overexpression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Cholesterol, a waxy substance produced by the liver or the dietary in moderate amount source plays a critical to aid digestive function in absorbing nutrients, build strong cell membranes, produce steroid hormones and vitamin D. However, excessive amounts in the blood have been found to induce plaque built-up on the arterial wall, leading to heart disease and stroke.

Similar to high blood pressure, people with hypercholesterolemia are asymptomatic. Patients with familial hyper cholesterol may experience symptoms of chest pain with activity. xanthomas, and cholesterol deposits around the eyelids.

The most common complications associated with uncontrolled hypercholesterolemia are carotid artery disease, coronary heart disease, including angina or heart attack, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.

According to the statistics provided by the CDC, hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor of heart disease, a leading cause of death in the US. In the US, approximately, 71 million American adults (33.5%) have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or “bad,” cholesterol, and only 1 out of every 3 adults with high LDL cholesterol has the condition under control.

Sadly, only 50% of people hypercholesterolemia are getting treatment.

Out of many risk factors associated with the risk of hypercholesterolemia, some researchers suggested that widespread obesity due to aging may have a strong impact on the increased incidence in the US.

Dr. Parini P, the lead scientist wrote, "Plasma cholesterol levels increase with age, as does the incidence of coronary heart disease" and "the relative deficiency in growth hormone (GH), which occurs with aging, contributes to the development of the age-related hypercholesterolemia because GH has beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism".

However, researchers continued, "Growth hormone (GH), treatment strongly reduced the hypercholesterolemia in 18-month-old animals. We conclude that the age-dependent increase of plasma cholesterol in rats can be reversed by the administration of GH, presumably through the pleiotropic effects of this hormone on lipoprotein metabolism".

In other words, aging in the promotion of hypercholesterolemia induced complications can be preventable by the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism.

Indicaxanthin is phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belongings to the group of Betalains found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

On finding a potential compound for the improvement of cholesterol file, researchers examined the effect of Indicaxanthin effects on toxic oxysterols in hypercholesterolemia.

Where toxic oxysterols in hypercholesterolemia have been found to cause suicidal death of human erythrocytes or eryptosis associated with red blood cell programmed death.

According to the tested differentiation, indicaxanthin (Ind) from cactus pear fruit, incubated with isolated healthy human erythrocytes exposed to an oxysterol mixture for 48 h in a concentration range (1.0-5.0 μM) prevents membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and cell shrinkage in a dose-dependent manner.


In other words, indicaxanthin (Ind) protect the PS that regulates the production of thrombin, the central regulatory molecule of blood coagulation caused by overexpression of ROS and depletion of antioxidant enzymes and production of inflammatory cytokine-induced by an oxysterol mixture without affecting the erythrocyte redox environment or other parameters.

In ex vivo, indicaxanthin (Ind) at 5 μm, induced the spiking levels of normal human blood with the oxysterol mixture for 48 h induced eryptosis, by reducing the production of ROS and decreased levels of GSH.


Furthermore, eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, leads to cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling and red blood cell programmed death to cause vascular tissue injury was inhibited by 5 μm-Ind.

These results suggested that eryptotic erythrocytes that contribute to thrombotic complications in hypercholesterolemia were prevented by the application of indicaxanthin.


Based on the findings, researchers said, "the positive effects of diets containing Ind on erythrocytes in hypercholesterolaemic subjects".


Taken altogether, indicaxanthin may be considered a remedy for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia complications, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Dietary indicaxanthin from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill) fruit prevents eryptosis induced by oxysterols in a hypercholesterolemia-relevant proportion and adhesion of human erythrocytes to endothelial cell layers by Tesoriere L1, Attanzio A1, Allegra M1, Livrea MA. (PubMed)
(2) Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in aging: reversal of hypercholesterolemia by growth hormone treatment in old rats by Parini P1, Angelin B, Rudling M. (PubMed)