Antioxidants are stable atoms which inhibit oxidation caused by free radical.
Free radical scavengers are types of antioxidants that inhibit free radicals before they can orchestrate a chain reaction that can not be stopped until all electrons in the outermost ring are paired or inhibited by antioxidants.
Oxidative stress is associated with chronic disease due to the imbalanced ratio of free radicals and antioxidants produced by the host includes heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Antioxidants besides produced by the body, they can also come into the body dietary sources.
In a healthy individual, an antioxidant produced by the body is good enough to counter the expression of free radicals induced by cell metabolism and free radicals induced by the environment such as the air we breathe and the food we eat.
However, people with a weakened immune system, intake of antioxidants from outside sources such as fruits and vegetables can be helpful.
Believe it or not. moderate free radicals in the body are necessary for body functioning, including the promotion of heart function in blood circulation.
Most common types of free radical scavengers include
* Catalases, the very important enzyme is produced by the host that protects the cell from oxidative damage by free radicals.
*Glutathione peroxidase, is a cytosolic enzyme produced by the host that dissolves hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen and peroxide radicals to alcohols and oxygen.
*Superoxide dismutase (SOD), is also produced by the host that dissolves superoxide radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide.
*Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and vitamin D.
Betanin is phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.
In the urgency to find a natural compound for the treatment of diseases associated with overexpression of free radicals, researchers examined the betanin free radical scavenging activity.
According to the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, at a pH > 4, betanin is about 1.5-2.0-fold more active to scavenge free radical compared to those of anthocyanins.
More precisely, the exceptionally high antioxidant activity of betanin was associated with an increase of its H-donation and electron-donation ability, totally depending on the expression of cationic state to mono-, di- and tri-deprotonated states present at basic solutions.
In other words, the efficacy of betanin high free radical scavenging activity was dependent on the levels of pH.
Taken altogether, betanin may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress, pending to the confirmation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of betanin in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Betanin, the main pigment of red beet: molecular origin of its exceptionally high free radical-scavenging activity by Gliszczyńska-Swigło A1, Szymusiak H, Malinowska P. (PubMed)
(2) Betacyanins as phenol antioxidants. Chemistry and mechanistic aspects of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity in solution and liposomes by Tesoriere L1, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA. (PubMed)
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