Indicaxanthin, the Free Radical Scavenging Antioxidant

Free radical scavengers are antioxidants that gobble up free radicals before they can cause a chain of reaction.

Most common types of free radical scavengers are catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin A, C, D, and E.

Free radicals are highly unstable molecules. They can be everywhere. Internally, free radicals are produced in our body during the process of cell metabolism. Externally, free radicals can enter our body from the environment sources, such as the air we breathe, the food we eat and the water we drink.

In other words, any chemical compounds or molecules which process oxygen atom can be free radical after chemical interaction.

Lipid peroxyl radicals are free radical generated from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Lipoperoxyl radical scavengers are antioxidants that slow or inhibit the chain reaction of the lipoperoxyl free radicals before they can cause oxidative stress

Oxidative stress is a result of overexpression of free radical-induced by a chain reaction that can not be stopped due to reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes produced by the body.

Why? overexpression of free radicals causes lipid peroxidation by oxidizing the polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol through three distinct mechanisms, including free radical-mediated chain reaction, enzyme-mediated oxidation, and nonradical, non-enzymatic oxidation.

Over time, oxidative stress can damage the lipid, and protein and induce the alternation of healthy cell DNA.

Antioxidants, the stable molecules have been found to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against peroxidation by scavenging peroxyl radicals.
Dr. Authors: Maria A., the lead author wrote, "Aerobic life is characterized by a steady formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, which is almost entirely counteracted by endogenous primary and secondary antioxidant systems".


And, "Maintenance of these systems is then imperative to ensure a continuous defense to cells and to avoid conditions known as oxidative stress. Apart from antioxidant vitamins, many compounds from the plant kingdom are now considered very helpful to maintain a proper cell redox balance".
In other words, antioxidants with free radical scavenging activity may protect the body against the damage of various cellular components.

Indicaxanthin is phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belongings to the group of Betalains found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

On finding a potential compound that processes free radical scavenging activity, researchers examined the effect of Indicaxanthin incubated with lipoperoxyl radicals generated in methyl linoleate methanol solution by 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile).

According to the tested analysis of the solution, indicaxanthin acted as a chain-terminating lipoperoxyl radical scavenger by inhibiting (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile oxidation by inducing the clear-cut lag periods and the decrease of the propagation rate in the initiation of free radical chain reaction in a dose of concentration-dependent manner.

Moreover, the injection of dietary indicaxanthin also delayed the liposome oxidation remarkably delayed.
However, the phytochemical efficacy is not linearly related to the levels of concentration.


More precisely, indicaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol incorporated in liposomes exhibited cooperative synergetically antioxidant effects and reciprocal protective interactions.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "The extent of synergism decreased at the increase of the ratio (indicaxanthin)/(alpha-tocopherol). A potential antioxidant mechanism of indicaxanthin is discussed in the context of the chemistry of the molecule, and of the possible reactivity of a short-lived intermediate".

Taken altogether, indicaxanthin may be considered a free radical scavenger pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Kinetics of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity of indicaxanthin in solution and unilamellar liposomes by Tesoriere L1, Allegra M, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA. (PubMed)
(2) Lipoperoxyl Radical Scavenging and Antioxidative Effects of Red Beet Pigments by Maria A. Livrea, Luisa Tesoriere